Soil Pollution - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1570 Downloads: 3 Date added: 2017/09/26 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Pollution Essay Did you like this example? What Is Soil Pollution? [pic] What Is Soil Pollution? Soil pollution results from the build up of contaminants, toxic compounds, radioactive materials, salts, chemicals and cancer-causing agents. The most common soil pollutants are hydrocarbons, heavy metals (cadmium, lead, chromium, copper, zinc, mercury and arsenic), herbicides, pesticides, oils, tars, PCBs and dioxins. Until the 1970s, there was little talk of soil pollution and its devastating effects. In the 1980s, the U. S. Superfund was created to set guidelines for the handling of hazardous material and soil contamination cleanup. Today there are more than 200,000 sites awaiting EPA soil cleanup, which is very expensive and labor-intensive  work. Even a small cleanup project can cost $10,000, while larger areas require millions of dollars to clean it up for future use. Causes of Soil Pollution 1. Following WWII and Vietnam, scientists discovered high incidences of mutation, miscarriage, mental defects, cancer and sickness in areas where nuclear warheads had been dropped. Food shortages also alerted officials that something was seriously wrong with the local soil. DDT and Dioxin were two of the worst pollutants from war aftermath. In some cases, agricultural processes cause soil pollution. High levels of radionuclides like nitrogen and phosphorus can be found surrounding farm centers containing high population densities of livestock. Pesticides applied to plants can also seep into the ground, leaving lasting effects. Heavy metals can arrive in the soil by using polluted water to wet crops and by using mineral fertilizers. Industry is to blame for some of the biggest soil-pollution disasters. Heavy metals come from iron, steel, power and chemical manufacturing plants that recklessly use the Earth as a dumping ground for their refuse. Plants that burn their waste on-site are guilty of releasing heavy metals into the atmosphere, which come to settle in the soil, thus leaving behind lastin g effects for years to come. Even companies that try to dispose of their waste properly contribute to the problem when faulty landfills and bursting underground bins leach undesirable toxins into the soil. Mining leaves a tremendous impact on the surrounding communities. The 2001 West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey found that people living near mines have a 70 percent higher risk of kidney disease, 64 percent higher risk for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and a 30 percent higher risk of high blood pressure. People in coal-mining communities need better access to  health  care, cleaner air, cleaner water, and stricter enforcement of environmental standards, concluded Michael Hendryx, Ph. D. , associate director of the WVU Institute for Health Policy Research. Testing for Soil Pollution 2. [pic] Photo by Ellis Vener Before purchasing land for development or inhabiting, its important to have a soil test performed to ensure a sound investment. A soil test can r eveal the presence of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulphur, calcium, magnesium, iron, manganese, copper, zinc, boron, molybdenum and aluminum. It can also analyze soil acidity, electrical conductivity, organic matter, moisture content, and identify dangerous soil contaminants like benzene, petroleum hydrocarbons, xylene and toulene. Even if the soil is in fine condition for planting, landowners can use their soil tests to make more informed decisions regarding fertilizers and crop growing. Most people call in a local professional to do the  job, although stores like Home Depot and Lowes are now selling do-it-yourself mail-in kits as well. Case Studies of Soil Pollution 3. Love Canal is perhaps the most famous case study of soil pollution. In the snowy winter of 1976, chemical waste began to seep above ground in school playgrounds and communities in Niagara Falls, New York. The area suffered high incidences of stillborn births, miscarriages and birth defects. Officials soon realized that there were over 400 toxic substances in the air, water and soil many of them cancerous. As it turns out, the area had been used as a chemical dumping ground for more than 22,000 tons of toxic waste at the turn-of-the-century, when no one was aware of the hazardous impact it could have decades later. Another one of the most infamous cases of soil pollution happened in Chernobyl, a small town in Russia. A nuclear power plant exploded in April of 1986, which caused a sevenfold increase in birth defects, a marked increase in cancer that was passed down to future generations, livestock death and mutation and tainted agriculture. Its estimated that 40 percent of Chernobyl is still uninhabitable due to radiation contamination that is ten times the normal level in some places. Ethiopia is filled with both air and soil pollution. The worst area is in Somalias Ayaha valley near Hargeysa. To boost their economy, many farmers began using chemical fertilizers and pesticides to increase productivity without understanding the full ramifications. Over their war-torn years, metal drums holding 14,200 liters of chemicals like fenitrothion, malathion, diazionon and durban were punctured. As a result, land pollution has caused widespread famine and sickness. China is a nation that is developing rapidly perhaps faster than safety permits. It is estimated that nationwide 12 million tons of grain are polluted each year by heavy metals that have found their way into soil, Zhou Shengxian, director of the State Environmental Protection Administration, announced in July 2006. Direct economic losses exceed 20 billion yuan (about 2. 5 billion U. S. dollars). Soil pollution has worsened. According to incomplete statistics, about 150 million mu (10 million hectares) of arable land in China has been polluted. Impact of Soil Pollution 4. [pic] MorgueFile. com When old factories are relocated, they just dismantle the houses, carry away the machines and nothing else is left to be done. The land that used to be a production site either is turned into farmland or real estate. Few understand that this land has become sick, explains Zhao Qiguo of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute of Soil Science. People living near polluted land have higher incidences of migraines, nausea, fatigue, miscarriage and skin disorders. Long-term effects of pollution include cancer, leukemia, reproductive disorders, kidney and liver damage, as well as central nervous system failure. Children often suffer from developmental problems and weakened immune systems. In addition to direct health effects, soil pollution also harms plants that feed Americans. Chemicals can sometimes absorb into food like lettuce and be ingested. Other times, the pollutants simply kill the plants, which has created widespread crop destruction and famine in other parts of the world. The entire ecosystem changes when new materials are added to the soil, as microorganisms die off or move aw ay from contaminants. Predators who feed off the microorganisms and worms in the polluted soil will also be affected. Researchers found that some species of birds like the Peregrine Falcon, the Brown Pelican and the Bald Eagle fell prey to DDT poisoning, which caused egg shells of future generations to thin. Mother birds would arrive home to omelets in their nests, as the thin shells could not support the weight of the incubating offspring. Mortality rates increased, nearly sending the birds to extinction. If nothing is done to clean up soil pollution, water supplies could become contaminated, threatening the human species. Sudden fires or explosions will occur from underground landfill gases, pipelines and building structures may corrode and once beautiful regions will turn into cesspools, experts warn. Treatment of Soil Pollution 5. The conventional methods of soil pollution are very time-consuming and very costly. EPA officials excavate the soil to dispose of it elsewhere a band-aid for the problem, no doubt, but essential for toxic disasters in highly populated places. Soils can be aerated, heated up in a process called thermal remediation, contained with pavement or caps, extracted with an active electromechanical system or propagating the soil with microbes that will digest organic pollutants. New processes are being developed to combat the problem in a natural, less laborious way. By studying plants that grew naturally in toxic mines, scientist Chen Tongbin discovered that certain plants loved to eat heavy metals like arsenic, bronze, lead, zinc, cobalt and cadmium. The contaminants can then be retrieved from the plants leaves and used in industrial materials. This safe and effective method isnt perfect, but its a start. Prevention of Soil Pollution 6. Naturally, prevention is the best cure for soil pollution. Most states have enacted tougher legislation to stop illegal dumping. For instance, one can expect five years in jail and a fine of $ 100,000 for soil pollution in Texas. Educating consumers about the dangers of littering, while encouraging recycling programs, is a good way to ensure everyone does their part to keep debris where it belongs. Consumers can also make a concerted effort to buy organic foods to demand that chemical pesticides arent used on their foods. People who grow their own food can keep excess nitrogen and phosphorus out of the soil by choosing crops that do not need as many nutrients from the soil, by applying fertilizer during the growing season to replenish the soil, by shortening the grazing season / cattle density, by using organic compost, by keeping the surface moist and mulched, and by choosing fruiting crops like tomatoes, squash, peas and corn. Gardens should be situated away from old painted buildings and roadways. Outer leaves of lettuce should be discarded and all vegetables should be washed before eating. Over the years, stronger and more indestructible bins were created to sto re hazardous materials. Researchers will continue to look for ways to improve manufacturing and agricultural processes to avoid the need for toxic byproducts. Business leaders, miners and community officials will work together to reduce wastefulness and contaminants to keep the world a clean place for future generation Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Soil Pollution" essay for you Create order

The Rise Of Internet And Social Media - 911 Words

Main body The twenty first century has seen a huge rise in the power and use of digital communication compared to previous decades; we undoubtedly now live in a digital world, but at what cost? What if any are the implications of this fast paced and ever changing technology on society as a whole? It’s hard for people today to imagine a world without email or mobile phones, or Facebook and Twitter, or to imagine the days when to speak to someone meant having to write a letter or send a telegram. We use email with such frequency one could argue that postage stamps will soon be obsolete. We are now able to access and share information in a way that previous generations would never have thought possible. Since the unveiling of the World Wide Web in 1991 the rise of the internet and social media have undoubtedly changed the way we communicate and maintain relationships. It is perhaps this advancement in technology that not only still allows us to communicate (albeit more efficiently) but more importantly that it allows us to communicate and stay connected. Whether it’s on a mobile phone while we’re on the move, online networking with contacts around the globe and/or commenting on blog posts – and contributing comments - posted by learned folk. We are now connecting to people who have this technology available to them across every social boundary, both individually and in communities. Technology has already, permanently and irreversibly changed the way we communicate with eachShow MoreRelatedThe Rise Of The Internet And Social Media974 Words   |  4 Pagesthe heart of marketing, the core function is to create and deliver value to the consumer. The rise of the int ernet has seen the rise of the global consumer. 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International Human Potential Development â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The International Human Potential Development? Answer: Introduction The assessment is to propose a marketing plan for the Soft Landing, a recycling mattress company in Australia. The concerned organization is a national recycling social enterprise, which works for the benefits of the society through many initiatives like- provide job operations to community people along with the protection of the environment. The organization has also won the title of Keep Australia Beautiful ACT Sustainable Community of the Year 2016 (Soft Landing 2017). This organization is also awarded with Waste Management and Resource Recovery and Dame Phyllis Frost Litter Prevention award (Soft Landing 2017). At present they are working for overcoming the vulnerability of the community members. Their business procedures already provide environmental and social sustainability practices in Canberra. They also encourage the education institutions, businesses, individuals and governing bodies. There recycled products are sold to every community group and the company also desire to target other customer group. This assessment also represents the market analysis and impact of their marketing mix on the consumer behavior of the customers. The principal of sustainability, ethics and social justice and the effective methods through which customers are communicated will also be discussed. The proposed marketing plan will suggest the business strategies through which maximum profitability can be attained along with effective brand recognition. Market needs Soft Landing is a unique company in their business terms that aims for developing a sustainable world. The organization seeks to fulfill the following benefits that are important for their customers: Selection: Soft Landing is a company, which is proceeded with a creative choice of business objectives. They purchase old mattresses or bed materials from commercial offices or hotels and then recycle the steel into toys or sell them further to leading mattress companies like Dunlop (Soft Landing 2017). Accessibility: All the materials are easily accessible and they have connection with other mattress companies. This makes the availability of their recycled products easy to the target audience. Competitive Pricing: The price is relatively low than conventional newly formulated mattresses as they have to invent in the raw materials. Soft Landing does not have to bear this cost as they just purchase the old products at lower cost and sell the recycled components at lower prices compared to other organization. Customer service: Since the company follows an ethical business procedures; hence, all the customers are those who are concerned regarding the sustainability of the earth and the society. Market trends Cassidy and Kosev (2015) stated that an organization emphasizes on the market trends so that they can headed towards more target audience. Soft Landing is considered as more sophisticated compared to other mattresses organization in number of ways: Sustainable recycling process: Soft Lifting emphasizes on green initiatives and adapts all the ethical business procedures. A mattress composed of steel, wood, cotton and polyurethane foam. The process of pushing box spring onto a conveyor belt, cutting process of soft materials from the top and bottom of the mattress and separating all the cotton fiber and polyurethane foam from the framework are done with less carbon print. The quality of these components are engaged through modern technology and then sold to the external stakeholder. Caring for community people: The concerned organization show their care to the community through some simple steps- providing train to the vulnerable community people, protecting the environment, supporting the community and maintaining the sustainability of the same (Soft Landing 2017). They create job and training opportunity for those people, who are struggling to secure a long-term employment. The procedure for protecting the environment is accomplished through recovering the metal, foam and timber from the used mattresses. Modernized communication strategy: They have adapted all the modern procedures for making people aware of their initiatives. The concerned organization has an effective social presence in social media networks like- Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. They have also developed their communication with the governing body to overcome illegal dumping and the license to utilize these materials for recycling. Market Growth Soft Landing has initiated their business established in the year 2010 from Illawarra, Australia (Soft Landing 2017). In present time, the same company has expanded their business from the Illawarra to Sydney (Soft Landing 2017). They have also open multiple processing centers and one such centre is opened in Wanneroo near Perth and Hume (Soft Landing 2017). The company now has direct linkage with leading companies like Dunlop and Featherweight, where they deliver their steel and mattress filling respectively. The organization is now seeking for sales growth by 17% for the next 5 years. This growth can be attributed for the major factor that there are many company, who now adopts sustainable and green business initiatives so that the environment of the earth can be saved. Thus, the probability of linking with more new mattress or steel company with Soft landing is high. Mission of Soft Landing Soft Landings mission is to provide recycled materials all over Australia in the next 5 years. The company can furthermore target to sell the recycled products to Asian country like China and India. They aim to exceed the expectations of the customers and commercial bodies. Marketing objectives Provision of training and employment to the unemployed people Supporting the community Protecting the environment through low carbon print Develop an increase in sales while achieving a status quo state Maintaining sustainability Financial Objectives Double digit growth rate for every year for the next three year Reach 7% profitability in the first year Reduction of the variable cost through efficiency gains Market Analysis Strength Weakness Sustainable business procedures allow the company to attract many stakeholders Targeting the unemployed group enhances the chances for great work from the employees Liking with local governing bodies help them to get priority from the authorities They have to rely on purchasing the old mattresses from commercial offices and hospitality sector. There are more unemployed people than employed one and thus targeting all these community people cannot be possible Not all old mattresses are utilized. Some materials are still wasted and need more money to recycle them. Opportunity Threats Personalized training to all the employees so that they can understand the business objectives. A growing market with a significant percentage is still not aware of the business procedure adopted by the Soft Landing. People or companies that are more concerned regarding the environmental sustainability will prefer the products of this organization. The ability to lower variable costs through efficiency gains. Competition from leading mattresses companies as they have strong customer base from many decades. A huge percentage of Australian community is not aware of the importance of recycled products. Moreover, commercial companies often doubt the durability of the recycled products. Table 1: SWOT Analysis (Source: Created by Author) PEST Analysis The concerned organization is serving their services in Australia and the following are the analysis of the political, economical, social and technological aspect is illustrated. This allow the concerned organization to assess the market condition and their market position. PEST Factors Analysis of the factors Political In this case, Soft Landing have the benefit that the governing bodies also support this company in Australia as they not only targets the recycling process but they also focus on development of the human community. Economic Soft Landing also help in overcoming the unemployment problem as they majorly targeting the people who are unemployed and have low experience in professional field. However, they can improve their business by diversify their business like selling the final products under their brands. This approach helps them to attain more customer gain. Social In terms of social aspect, the concerned organization is benefited in Australia. The reason is that they are not harming environment, rather they protect the environment through the recycling initiatives. They also timely pay their employees and treat them as important asset. In content of social communication, business link with stakeholders like bed accessories company like Dunlop and government bodies is present. Technological Throughout the years, Soft Landing has improved in their technology. This can be witnessed through their online presence through social media sites like Facebook, Twitter and Instagram. They have also adopted new technology in recycling. Table 2: PEST analysis of Soft Landing (Source: Created by Author) Competitors Analysis Fleisher and Bensoussan (2015) stated that direct competitors are those, who are selling the same products. In case of social enterprises, the direct competitors for Soft Landing are Mission Australia Mattress Recycling, Pioneer Waste Management Australia PTY LTD, Newcastle Mattress Recyclers, Bed Collect, BedWorks and MrMatttress Recyle. These companies are also liable for recycling the mattress products and resell to the mattress companies. Strength: All these direct recycling mattress companies have established many years ago compared to Soft Landing. Thus, they have firm presence in the market and they have more connection with other stakeholders, who purchase the products from them. Competitor like BedWorks are serves for several category ranges like- bed frames, bed heads, bedroom furniture, pillows and bedding, luxury range and other bed accessories for direct purchase from their companies (Bedworks 2017). This provides them the strength not to rely on third parties for revenue and they can direct earn the profitability from customers. Weakness: The weakness of all these indirect competitors is that they are not linked with the governing bodies. Moreover, apart from the recycling of the mattress products, these direct competitors are not concerned with the job development for the employees. Indirect competitors According to Fleisher and Bensoussan (2015), indirect competitors do not sell the same products but serve the same final products and target same customer group to meet their requirement for the same products. In this case, the Ozmattress, Town and Country mattress and beds, Australian Bedding Company and Sleepmakers are the indirect competitors. These competitors sell the products that are newly formulated and people have a belief that these products are more durable. Strength: These indirect competitors are selling the final products. They have a strong customer based compared to the Soft Landing. They are directly earning revenue from their customers. Anther strength that these indirect competitors have is that they are more exposed to community compared to a social enterprise. Weakness: Not all indirect competitors follow ethical business approach of recycling and reusing. These companies do not also focuses on the low carbon printed business procedure. In addition to that, these competitors do not give job opportunities to vulnerable community. These competitors are suffering from the weakness to provide training development to these people as these companies are focused more on their profitability and productivity. Marketing mix- 4Ps strategies It is proposed that the concerned organization can also formulate products of their own brands. Thus, they can target more customers and attain profitability to continue their work in future. They can sell a range of bed frames, pillows and beddings along with bed heads. Other categories of products that can be selling by the company are: Light weight yet durable steel frame for the bed Steels to the toy factories for manufacturing toys Bedroom furniture Price All the prices of the recycled material are set according to the competitive pricing strategy or even lower as they do not have any manufacturing costs. Taken for instance, the indirect competitors like Australian Bedding Company sell their bed frames to $2999/ that can be selling to only $699 by Soft Landing. Cupboards in furniture organization costs $999 in Australia; however, those products can be sold in the price range of $749 to $800. Thus, by keeping a $200 to $500 gap help them to enhance their brand position and sales. Place At present the service is only available in Australia. The effective distribution system collects the material directly from the seller. However, at present they do not have the service to collect used mattress residentially in Sydney but in future they can make the communication process more transparent and direct by starting pick up services directly from the users. Thus, it can be proposed that all the products will be distributed directly from Soft Landing. Promotion Soft Landing can target promotion through the business magazines in Australia like- Business Review Weekly, Money Market, Smart Investor and Times magazine Australia. Digital hoarding will also be utilized so that people in urban areas can get aware while on the way to their homes or offices. Another promotional aspect that will be used is to conduct a social crusade or charitable campaigns for greener Australia. Partnership from several NGO, who are also working with the same aim for sustainability of the earth can also promote the brand image in the community. Recommendations for the strategies: All the strategies need time to conduct and hence it is crucial to manage the time and develop short-term or long-term goal to attain each decided goals. Skilled people for managerial position are required so that they can identify the required resources or facility and provide them to the employees. Sales Forecast The first two months will be used for planning all the necessary business strategies like process for enhancing the distribution process, initiating the manufacturing process of the new bed materials from the recycled materials. The third and the fourth month is required to set more psychology location, hire personnel, plan for their training and establishing vendor relationships. The fifth month is the month from where the direct distribution system started and apart from the business of only bed components, formulation of the complete bed accessories are also started from this month. During this month Soft Landing will also target for 15% more customer base that they already have and by the sixth month it is forecasted that sales will steadily grow. The total sales are forecasted to reach $20,000,000 sales individually from the last months and onwards. Budget plan for three years 2018 2019 2020 Total Total revenue 10,138,535 12,385,438 16,299,394 38,823,367 Collection Costs 992,765 2,127,012 3,121,612 6,241,389 Transportation Cost 778,927 812,785 850,123 2,441,835 Processing Cost 392,900 400,500 512,600 1,306,000 Incorporation of Communication Media 359,670 378,564 450,000 1,188,234 Employees Training 204,698 214,789 255,670 675,157 New Equipment for Manufacturing of the Final Products 1,303,906 3,300,000 4,250,000 8,853,906 Government Oversight Expenses 1,698,000 600,000 600,000 2,898,000 Administration, Research Advisory 547,451 588,475 610,444 1,746,370 Total expense 6,278,317 8,422,125 10,650,449 25,350,891 Net Accumulated 3,860,218 3,963,313 5,648,945 13,472,476 Table 3: Budget plan for the next three years (Source: Created by Author) Conclusion In this assessment, it is conclude that for a social enterprise like Soft Landing, it is necessary to expand their business. The major aim of this organization is to recycle the use mattresses and sell the bed or steel components to other leading bed accessories or toy factories respectively. The total sales are forecasted to reach $20,000,000 sales individually from the last months and onwards. During the development process of the three years, some components have to be considered- transportation cost, collection costs, processing cost, communication media cost, cost of employees training, cost for new equipment for manufacturing of the final products, government oversight expenses and administration, research advisory cost. According to the planned budget plan, in the year 2018 the net accumulated cost is found out to be $3,860,218 and the same for year 20119 and 2020 is $8,422,125 and $10,650,449 respectively. It is also suggested in the assessment that the concerned organizatio n should start selling the final products. In this way they do not have to rely on other organizations for process their business. The pricing strategy that is suggested here is to maintain a competitive pricing strategy which will help them to attract more customers as they are preceding their business by considering the sustainability of the earth. In context of the promotion, Soft Landing will fcs on business magazine to attract more stakeholder for their business. Review Reflection The company that is taken into consideration is Soft Landing that is a mattress recycling association. The company have also won awards like- Waste Management and Resource Recovery, Dame Phyllis Frost Litter Prevention and Keep Australia Beautiful ACT Sustainable Community of the Year 2016. According to the strength and weakness analysis of the direct and indirect competitor analysis, it is found that indirect competitors, who are liable to sell bed accessories directly, attained stronger customer base and high profitability. Thus, I suggest this company to initiate manufacturing the final bed accessories products. I think that this process help them to maintain a string brand recognition and customer base. They are already associated with a sustainable business process and this will attract more people to use their products. Another risk that I have identified is that most of the people living in Australia do not agree that recycled products can be durable and lasts long. This can b e a reason that makes a significant percentage of people not to buy their product. In such circumstance, the suggested strategy of offering competitive pricing may not work. Thus, I have also suggested enhancing their promotional strategy. The concerned organization at present has a social presence through social media sites and thus apart from this business move, I have suggested to promote their brand and business procedures in leading business magazines so that more stakeholders or business people can get aware of their business and can order final bed products or bed accessories from them. Another strategy that I have suggested in this assessment is to direct take the delivery of the used materials from the customers. In this way, customers can assure that they are giving their products to right company. Another benefit that the concerned organization can get is effective communication with the community people and customers as the suggested process ensure business transparency. Reference List Bedworks., 2017. Mission Australia Mattress Recycling - Bedworks. [online] Available at: https://www.bedworks.com.au/content/13-mission-australia-mattress-recycling [Accessed 31 Jul. 2017]. Cassidy, N. and Kosev, M., 2015. 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Pulendran, S., Speed, R. and Widing, R., 2015. From Rational to Interpretive Planning: Empirically Classifying Planning Styles in Australian Organisations. InGlobal Perspectives in Marketing for the 21st Century(pp. 487-487). Springer, Cham. Radville, L., Gonda-King, L., Gmez, S., Kaplan, I. and Preisser, E.L., 2014. Are exotic herbivores better competitors? A meta?analysis.Ecology,95(1), pp.30-36. Ross, D.F., 2016.Introduction to e-supply chain management: engaging technology to build market-winning business partnerships. CRC Press. Ruizalba, J.L., Bermdez-Gonzlez, G., Rodrguez-Molina, M.A. and Blanca, M.J., 2014. Internal market orientation: An empirical research in hotel sector.International Journal of Hospitality Management,38, pp.11-19. Slack, N., 2015.Operations strategy. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Soft Landing., 2017. Keep Australia Beautiful. Landing Mattress Recycling wins ACT Sustainable Community of the Year, 2016. 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Introduction Essay Summary Example For Students

Introduction Essay Summary On March 26, my peers and I visited Fort Tilden, the first of two ecosystems we were to observe. At this specific site we were interested in the interaction of living and nonliving things in this environmental ecosystem. On April 2, we visited Plumb Beach, our second ecosystem we observed. Both beaches are part of Gateway National Recreation Area. During these lab periods we attentively examined and inspected several sand danes. There are several different kinds of ecosystems. An ecosystem is an area where the living community interacts with the nonliving world. The two ecosystems I visited were the sand dunes. The sand dunes are mounds of sand that are piled up by the wind. Sand dunes are on coastal or inland areas(Encyclopedia of Plants,1988). The conditions of the sand dunes are quiet harsh due to the high speed winds and intense heat from the sun. There is also very little water available. In fact the main source of water is from the rain(Encyclopedia of Plant,1988). Because of this, the primary plant is grass. Grass has the flexibility and adaptability which permits it to live in many different situations. Grass have long roots enabling it to get water and nutrients(Scientific American,1974). There are certain adaptations that different plants adopt to, like grass accumulation on the sand dunes. These plants may have similar leaf structures because there they share the common hazard of losing water by evaporation process of transpiration(Scientific American, 1974). Sand dunes like other types of ecosystems are very complex. The different components such as biotic and abiotic surroundings, greatly effect the population and status of the particular place. Besides this, man plays a major role. If people pollute the environment, no matter how much water and nutrients the organisms receive, they will still be unable to survive. MATERIALS and METHODSAt the two Sand dune ecosystems, my group and I were to investigate the difference in abundance and distribution of plant life within the two ecosystems. The first one Fort Tilden, is an undisturbed sand dune ecosystem. It has been protected from human disturbance by an extensive fence system. The second sand dune Plumb Beach, is a disturbed sand dune ecosystem. We also had to compare the abundance of plants in the front and back of the sand dunes and the interdunes. They may all have a difference abundance of vegetation. We walked across the dunes at both beaches and gazed at the vegetation and species. Our focus at hand was on four particular plants. They were grasses, herbs, shrubs, and trees. My general hypothesis was that the disturbed ecosystem should have a lot less vegetation then that of the undisturbed ecosystem. When people step on and litter on the sand dunes, they destroy the plants and vegetation. As to the difference of the front and back of dunes, my hypothesis is based on the direction of the wind. The wind causes that there should be less vegetation. DISCUSSION Comparison of the two sand dunesBased on the data I collected in both sand dunes, I did not see a significant difference in plants between the disturbs and undisturbed sand dunes. There were however, a few blow outs which were caused on people stepping on the sand dunes and by all the litter that is found all over the beach. The reason for the fairly large abundance of plants at Plumb Beach ecosystem, must be caused by some other factor then that of Fort Tilden which is undisturbed. As we know, peoples behavior makes a noticeable affect on plants, e.g. the blow outs. Therefore, it might be the difference in distance of the sand dunes. The primary sand dune in Plumb Beach is closer to the water, therefore, causes more vegetation or equal to Fort Tilden, even though it is known to be disturbed. Sand Dunes at Fort TildenPrimary dune: The Front of the dune had 15% grass, 5% herbs, 0% shrubs and 0% trees. The back had 45% grass, 15% herbs, 0% shrubs and 0% trees. The difference between front and back must be caused by the water. The water has a lot of salt in it. This makes the front primary dune weaker to grow plants. .ud81f86a460f2c3020e7ff46188bef08b , .ud81f86a460f2c3020e7ff46188bef08b .postImageUrl , .ud81f86a460f2c3020e7ff46188bef08b .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud81f86a460f2c3020e7ff46188bef08b , .ud81f86a460f2c3020e7ff46188bef08b:hover , .ud81f86a460f2c3020e7ff46188bef08b:visited , .ud81f86a460f2c3020e7ff46188bef08b:active { border:0!important; } .ud81f86a460f2c3020e7ff46188bef08b .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud81f86a460f2c3020e7ff46188bef08b { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud81f86a460f2c3020e7ff46188bef08b:active , .ud81f86a460f2c3020e7ff46188bef08b:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud81f86a460f2c3020e7ff46188bef08b .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud81f86a460f2c3020e7ff46188bef08b .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud81f86a460f2c3020e7ff46188bef08b .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud81f86a460f2c3020e7ff46188bef08b .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud81f86a460f2c3020e7ff46188bef08b:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud81f86a460f2c3020e7ff46188bef08b .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud81f86a460f2c3020e7ff46188bef08b .ud81f86a460f2c3020e7ff46188bef08b-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud81f86a460f2c3020e7ff46188bef08b:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Revolution EssayInter dune: This is between the first and second dune. It had 50% grass, 10% herbs, 15% shrubs, 0% trees. The inter dune is more shallow than the actual dune. This means that it is closer to the water under the sand, therefore, it is richer in plants. Second dune: Here we found more of the plants in the front rather than the back. This would support my hypothesis that if the wind blows on one side there would be less vegetation on that side. In this case the wind is blowing on back of the dune. Inter dune: There is only 5% of grass and herbs, 50% shrubs and 15% trees. This can be compared to the first inter dune just with an abundance of trees and shrubs. Third dune: In general there is more plants in the front then the back. This again would prove my hypothesis that the wind makes it harder for vegetation to grow. Inter dune: There were 25% grass, 10% herbs, 15% shrubs, and 0% trees. This would again indicate the shallowness of the area. Fort dune: This is a man-made dune. This might be the cause in the difference between this and the previous dunes. In this dune we find more vegetation in the back than in the front. The man-made dune is structured differently, therefore it is not the same as the other dunes. There was a fresh water pond at Fort Tilden near the fourth dune. Many species come and drink from the water. The water does not evaporate because it is in the shallow area and rain water falls in the pond from the surrounding areas. CONCLUSIONThe above gives numerous reasons and explanation as to why certain vegetation grows and does not grow in certain parts or types of sand dunes. The main factor however, is caused by human destruction. These activities affect the organisms and life in or on the sand dunes. Although the difference in the abundance between the two sand dunes were not si gnificant, nevertheless, the factor of human destruction is the over righting cause of the difference in plants. This is a major factor that each and every one of us have to remember: in an environment we are all codependent on each other.EXTRA CREDITQUESTIONS1) Is there significant difference between the amount of grass on the front and back of the primary dune?2) Is there a significant difference between the amount of grass on the front of dunes numbers 1 and 4?3) Is there a significant difference of amounts of shrubs and trees between interdunes 1 and 2?ANSWERS1) Based on my own data I would hypothesis that there is a significant difference. Based on my statistical analysis which compared the two groups as follows: The calculated T-value equals .1542014. The critical value for a level of significant is 2.23. I therefore accept the null hypothesis, which tells me there is no significant difference. 2) My general hypothesis based on my data would make me conclude that there is no significant difference. Based on the statistical hypothesis the calculated T-value was .4432906, and the critical T-value was 2.23. Based on the T-test rule, I accept the null hypothesis that there is no significant difference in these two front dunes, as my hypothesis indicated. 3) My general hypothesis would be that there is no significant difference. Based on the statistical analysis we do see a difference. The calculated T-value is 5.0527 and the critical value is 2.23. Because the calculated value is larger then the critical T-value we accept the alternate hypothesis and I would conclude that there is a significant difference. LITERATURE CITED1) Prof. David M. Moor, 1988. Encyclopedia of Plant and Animals. .u3f9d4a510af0e37d2418a701f6fbe0fc , .u3f9d4a510af0e37d2418a701f6fbe0fc .postImageUrl , .u3f9d4a510af0e37d2418a701f6fbe0fc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u3f9d4a510af0e37d2418a701f6fbe0fc , .u3f9d4a510af0e37d2418a701f6fbe0fc:hover , .u3f9d4a510af0e37d2418a701f6fbe0fc:visited , .u3f9d4a510af0e37d2418a701f6fbe0fc:active { border:0!important; } .u3f9d4a510af0e37d2418a701f6fbe0fc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u3f9d4a510af0e37d2418a701f6fbe0fc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u3f9d4a510af0e37d2418a701f6fbe0fc:active , .u3f9d4a510af0e37d2418a701f6fbe0fc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u3f9d4a510af0e37d2418a701f6fbe0fc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u3f9d4a510af0e37d2418a701f6fbe0fc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u3f9d4a510af0e37d2418a701f6fbe0fc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u3f9d4a510af0e37d2418a701f6fbe0fc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u3f9d4a510af0e37d2418a701f6fbe0fc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u3f9d4a510af0e37d2418a701f6fbe0fc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u3f9d4a510af0e37d2418a701f6fbe0fc .u3f9d4a510af0e37d2418a701f6fbe0fc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u3f9d4a510af0e37d2418a701f6fbe0fc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Journey that Shaped My Life Essay2) Amos, William H., 1974. The Life of a Sand Dune, Scientific American 32:287-293. 3) Gemmell, D.J. Ph.D. 1997. Personal Communication. EXPLANATION OF TABLESThe first four tables show the abundance of four plants in the front and back of the dunes at Fort Tilden. The fifth table demonstrates the percentage of these plants in the inter dunes of Fort Tilden. The sixth table demonstrates the abundance of plants at Plumb Beach.